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health:cancer [2019/08/09 21:05] marcos [Related News Articles] |
health:cancer [2019/10/26 20:54] (current) marcos [Mutational Theory of Cancer] |
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| - | Ketogenic diet in cancer therapy https://dx.doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.101382 | + | 2018. Ketogenic diet in cancer therapy. https://dx.doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.101382 |
| "The Ketogenic Diet (KD), a high-fat/low-carbohydrate/adequate-protein diet, has recently been proposed as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment [1]. KDs target the Warburg effect, a biochemical phenomenon in which cancer cells predominantly utilize glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Furthermore, some cancers lack the ability to metabolize ketone bodies, due to mitochondrial dysfunction and down-regulation of enzymes necessary for ketone utilization [2]. Thus, the rationale in providing a fat-rich, low-carbohydrate diet in cancer therapy is to reduce circulating glucose levels and induce ketosis such that cancer cells are starved of energy while normal cells adapt their metabolism to use ketone bodies and survive. Furthermore, by reducing blood glucose also levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor, which are important drivers of cancer cell proliferation, drop." | "The Ketogenic Diet (KD), a high-fat/low-carbohydrate/adequate-protein diet, has recently been proposed as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment [1]. KDs target the Warburg effect, a biochemical phenomenon in which cancer cells predominantly utilize glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Furthermore, some cancers lack the ability to metabolize ketone bodies, due to mitochondrial dysfunction and down-regulation of enzymes necessary for ketone utilization [2]. Thus, the rationale in providing a fat-rich, low-carbohydrate diet in cancer therapy is to reduce circulating glucose levels and induce ketosis such that cancer cells are starved of energy while normal cells adapt their metabolism to use ketone bodies and survive. Furthermore, by reducing blood glucose also levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor, which are important drivers of cancer cell proliferation, drop." | ||
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| - | The effects of short-term fasting on quality of life and tolerance to chemotherapy in patients with breast and ovarian cancer: a randomized cross-over pilot study https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921787 | + | 2018. The effects of short-term fasting on quality of life and tolerance to chemotherapy in patients with breast and ovarian cancer: a randomized cross-over pilot study https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921787 |
| STF during chemotherapy is feasible and has beneficial effects on QOL, well-being and fatigue. Larger randomized trials with confirmatory study design are warranted to further evaluate this innovative treatment approach. | STF during chemotherapy is feasible and has beneficial effects on QOL, well-being and fatigue. Larger randomized trials with confirmatory study design are warranted to further evaluate this innovative treatment approach. | ||
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| - | Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1475-2891-3-19 | + | 2004. Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1475-2891-3-19 |
| It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary | It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary | ||
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| ===== Abstract ===== | ===== Abstract ===== | ||
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| + | Cancers differ in the causes that lead to the altered cellular replication machinery. Cancer can arise from mutations in proliferation-related genes, including mutated proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)). Cancer can also arise from epigenetic rearrangement of DNA strands in the chromosomes, and from mitochondrial mtDNA mutations. There are viruses that cause cancer ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)). Cancer stem cells form tumors of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. ((Cancer stem cells (CSCs): metabolic strategies for their identification and eradication https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170164)) | ||
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| + | Just as the cause of a cancer can be unique, the optimal treatment for each cancer can be unique. This article reviews research for optimal treatment in respect to the afflicted organ or anatomy, because that is how cancer has been researched in the past. Additionally, while the molecular cause of every cancer can be independent of location, overall health is affected when one bodily system is not functioning at capacity. | ||
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| + | While mainstream treatments use chemo or radiotherapy, our focus is to find treatments that avoid harm and benefit normal cells, and exploit the weaknesses of cancer cells. | ||
| Fasting is considered to be effective in protecting normal cell growth and also can induce selective apoptosis in cancer cells. Fasting improves cellular health and reduces lipid peroxidation by reducing oxidative stress. It also induces autophagy, removing muted or damaged proteins, thereby increasing oxidative stress tolerance. Various studies also report that chemotherapy in combination with fasting can help in the reduction of tumor based cells. Fasting also results in decrease of amino acids and low glucose level that enhance anti warburg effect that unable ATP generation that promote oxidative damage. ((The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783224)) Fasting-mimicking diets have also been applied to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic medicines. | Fasting is considered to be effective in protecting normal cell growth and also can induce selective apoptosis in cancer cells. Fasting improves cellular health and reduces lipid peroxidation by reducing oxidative stress. It also induces autophagy, removing muted or damaged proteins, thereby increasing oxidative stress tolerance. Various studies also report that chemotherapy in combination with fasting can help in the reduction of tumor based cells. Fasting also results in decrease of amino acids and low glucose level that enhance anti warburg effect that unable ATP generation that promote oxidative damage. ((The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783224)) Fasting-mimicking diets have also been applied to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic medicines. | ||
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| ===== Introduction ===== | ===== Introduction ===== | ||
| - | Even in an optimal environment, cells are evolving mutations at a slow rate due to imperfections in the maintenance and replication of DNA. Despite safeguards to maintain the original DNA sequence, including programmed cellular senescence, multi-cellular organisms become a mosaic of evolved cells, with the cells most fit to survive enduring. Mutations are random in nature. Most mutations are deleterious. | + | ==== Mutational Theory of Cancer ==== |
| - | The very few mutated cells may be able to outcompete neighboring cells. While these cells may have advantage over neighboring cells in terms of individual survival, they are not necessarily the most effective towards the overall health of the organism. This is an aspect of the aging process. In the case of cancer, the mutated cell proliferation will likely cause an organism's death. | + | Even in an optimal environment, cells are evolving mutations at a slow rate due to imperfections in the maintenance and replication of DNA. Despite safeguards to maintain the original DNA sequence, including programmed self-destruction, multi-cellular organisms become a mosaic of evolved cells, with the cells most fit to survive enduring. |
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| + | Mutations are random in nature. Most mutations are deleterious. While the cell could continue to survive with some mutation, certain mutations will provide internal signaling to trigger self-destruction. Cells are programmed with a fail-safe to suicide for the overall benefit of the organism, a process known as apoptosis. However, some mutations do not trigger apoptosis. Through mitosis, the mutated cells replenish dying cell neighbors with their own mutated copy. | ||
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| + | These very few mutated cells may in some way be able to out-compete neighboring cells. While these cells could have advantage over neighboring cells in terms of competitive survival, they may not necessarily be the most effective towards the overall health of the organism. This is an aspect of the aging process. In the case of cancer, the mutated cell proliferation will likely cause an organism's death. | ||
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| + | Mutated cells can happen in different stages of life, and results in [[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2016.12.002 |clonal mosaicism]], including where different regions of the body have differing genomes. | ||
| The imperfections in the machinery for DNA maintenance and DNA replication, could be more exact and fault tolerant. However, a certain level of mutation is beneficial for the survival of a species in a changing environment. Cancer and aging are products of the evolutionary process. | The imperfections in the machinery for DNA maintenance and DNA replication, could be more exact and fault tolerant. However, a certain level of mutation is beneficial for the survival of a species in a changing environment. Cancer and aging are products of the evolutionary process. | ||
| - | Cancers differ in the causes that lead to the altered cellular replication machinery. Cancer can arise from mutations in proliferation-related genes, including mutated proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)). Cancer can also arise from epigenetic rearrangement of DNA strands in the chromosomes, and from mitochondrial mtDNA mutations. There are viruses that cause cancer ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)). Cancer stem cells form tumors of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. ((Cancer stem cells (CSCs): metabolic strategies for their identification and eradication https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170164)) | + | Cells have evolved a very intricate and careful internal balance, and once the balance is tipped, additional mutations are more likely to occur, accelerating the evolutionary process. |
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| + | One of the mutations that may follow, can be the fail-safe that instructs the cell to suicide when internal sensors indicate instability. | ||
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| + | Another mutation that may follow, is cell replication without the required signaling to do so. For example, normal cells will not replicate when they are surrounded by neighbors. A mutation may occur where replication / proliferation occurs despite contact inhibition. These mutated cells are said to be cancerous. | ||
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| + | Cancer cells may also separate from their original tissue, circulate in the bloodstream, and take up residence elsewhere. The migration is termed metastasis. | ||
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| + | Because of accelerated evolution in cancer cells, cancer is not a single disease, and treatment or finding a cure is more challenging. However, because cancer cells have an insatiable appetite, required for proliferation, finding weaknesses in their energy metabolism may be a key to treatment. ((Balaraman Kalyanaraman. 2017. Teaching the basics of cancer metabolism: Developing antitumor strategies by exploiting the differences between normal and cancer cell metabolism. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.redox.2017.04.018)) | ||
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| + | ==== Warburg Effect ==== | ||
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| + | Many types of cancer exhibit the Warburg Effect. | ||
| - | Just as the cause of a cancer can be unique, the optimal treatment for each cancer can be unique. In this article we try to find patterns | ||
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| - | Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer 2004 | + | Fasting could be harmful because of mal-nourishment, due to cancer altering the available proteins in the body. In which case, keto with adequate protein could be a solution. Also it has been observed that starving of cancer cells is only observed in the limited mice related studies. If the cancer patients would be exposed to starvation for longer period of time this might increase rate of mortality and risk of prolonged patients care. Many Studies also showed that people who are well nourished have better chances of survival and lesser chances of having cancer[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269077]]. |
| - | https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/public_health_nut6.pdf | + | |
| + | Randomized and un planned fasting can deteriorate the health instead of benefiting the cancer patients. Cancer patients with malnutrition face the more deleterious effects.There is a need of special screening of nutrients for cancer patients and it varies on the basis of cancer stages too. Short term nutritional interventions should be based on some criteria as proposed by European society of clinical nutrients and metabolism [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765673]]. | ||
| - | check this article contains very comprehensive overview of the diet effects and also contain recommended diet constituents (by WHO-WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION). | ||
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| - | Saira, send me an email @ = &, marcos&molbio.science | + | Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer 2004 |
| + | https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/public_health_nut6.pdf | ||
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| + | check this article contains very comprehensive overview of the diet effects and also contain recommended diet constituents (by WHO-WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION). | ||
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| ===== Studies Describing Harmful Effects of Fasting/CR/KD ===== | ===== Studies Describing Harmful Effects of Fasting/CR/KD ===== | ||
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| - | // Harmful effects while undergoing chemo or radiotherapy? Fasting could be harmful because of mal-nourishment, due to cancer altering the available proteins in the body (in which case, keto with adequate protein could be a solution). // | ||
| To fast, or not to fast before chemotherapy, that is the question\\ | To fast, or not to fast before chemotherapy, that is the question\\ | ||
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| // This is where studies go, if they don't fit into a specific cancer type // | // This is where studies go, if they don't fit into a specific cancer type // | ||
| - | There have been various types of remedial therapies for cancer. Chemotherapy reduces the growth of cancer cells but also induces toxicity which limits its usage, dose and range of application. In mice, three day cycles of water only fasting cause a generalized glucose and amino acid reduction/deficiency, which protects normal but not tumor cells against chemotherapy-mediated cytotoxicity and induces potent chemosensitizing effects in many tumors. ((https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494906)). Preliminary clinical data indicates that in cancer patients fasting is not associated with major side effects and may reduce several of the side effects associated to chemotherapy, including a decreased toxicity to lymphocytes. These pre-clinical and preliminary clinical results served as the foundation for randomized trials to test the safety and efficacy of fasting cycles on the effect of chemotherapy on both normal and cancer cells[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815756/]] | + | Preliminary clinical data indicates that in cancer patients fasting is not associated with major side effects and may reduce several of the side effects associated to chemotherapy, including a decreased toxicity to lymphocytes. These pre-clinical and preliminary clinical results served as the foundation for randomized trials to test the safety and efficacy of fasting cycles on the effect of chemotherapy on both normal and cancer cells[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815756/]] |
| Many promising cancer drugs being developed will require years to become approved by regulatory bodies and, in most cases, will only be effective for a fraction of patients with specific types of cancer. It is therefore important to develop broader, complementary strategies that can be translated rapidly into effective therapies. Two to 4 days of fasting before chemotherapy treatment is safe and protect animals, and possibly humans, against the side effects of chemotherapy.Experiments in simple organisms, human cells, and mice indicated that these effects of fasting were caused by changes inside and outside cells that increased the death of tumor but not normal cells, a process termed differential stress sensitization[[https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/124/124ra27/tab-pdf]]. | Many promising cancer drugs being developed will require years to become approved by regulatory bodies and, in most cases, will only be effective for a fraction of patients with specific types of cancer. It is therefore important to develop broader, complementary strategies that can be translated rapidly into effective therapies. Two to 4 days of fasting before chemotherapy treatment is safe and protect animals, and possibly humans, against the side effects of chemotherapy.Experiments in simple organisms, human cells, and mice indicated that these effects of fasting were caused by changes inside and outside cells that increased the death of tumor but not normal cells, a process termed differential stress sensitization[[https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/124/124ra27/tab-pdf]]. | ||
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| A 2014 systematic review of fifty-nine studies on animals found that 91% showed caloric restriction to play an anti-cancer role during intiation, progression and metastasis of cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25502434 | A 2014 systematic review of fifty-nine studies on animals found that 91% showed caloric restriction to play an anti-cancer role during intiation, progression and metastasis of cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25502434 | ||
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| // THE FOLLOWING IS FROM https://osher.ucsf.edu/patient-care/integrative-medicine-resources/cancer-and-nutrition/faq/low-carbohydrate-diet The article was last updated on 2016, so we will be adding research and conclusions available since then. We have messaged UCSF for permission. // | // THE FOLLOWING IS FROM https://osher.ucsf.edu/patient-care/integrative-medicine-resources/cancer-and-nutrition/faq/low-carbohydrate-diet The article was last updated on 2016, so we will be adding research and conclusions available since then. We have messaged UCSF for permission. // | ||
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| One study found increasing risk for various colon cancers with increasing intake of fat, sucrose, lactose, glucose and fructose.34 While no reduction in cancer risk was seen from following a 39% carbohydrate diet in a prospective cohort study of 62,582 Swedish people.35 Based on a review of the other studies referenced in this article, a 39% carbohydrate diet may not be considered low enough to elicit the benefits seen in some of the other studies. | One study found increasing risk for various colon cancers with increasing intake of fat, sucrose, lactose, glucose and fructose.34 While no reduction in cancer risk was seen from following a 39% carbohydrate diet in a prospective cohort study of 62,582 Swedish people.35 Based on a review of the other studies referenced in this article, a 39% carbohydrate diet may not be considered low enough to elicit the benefits seen in some of the other studies. | ||
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| + | <Description needed>. ((Giovanna Bianchi et al. 2015. Fasting induces anti-Warburg effect that increases respiration but reduces ATP-synthesis to promote apoptosis in colon cancer models. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494906)) | ||
| ==== Advanced or Metastatic Cancer ==== | ==== Advanced or Metastatic Cancer ==== | ||
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| Mouse models have shown tumor inhibition, treatment enhancement, and prolonged survival in lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma. 43, 44, 45, 46 | Mouse models have shown tumor inhibition, treatment enhancement, and prolonged survival in lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma. 43, 44, 45, 46 | ||
| - | In mice, fasting before radiotherapy offers a protective effect on normal cells, while simultaneously having a mild increase in pancreatic tumor cell death. ((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301619334212)) | + | In mice, fasting before radiotherapy offers a protective effect on normal cells, while simultaneously having a mild increase in pancreatic tumor cell death. ((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301619334212)) |
| ===== Related News Articles ===== | ===== Related News Articles ===== | ||
health/cancer.1565384735.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/09 21:05 by marcos
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