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--- health:cancer [2019/08/11 17:56]
saira [Head and Neck Cancer]
+++ health:cancer [2019/10/26 20:54] (current)
marcos [Mutational Theory of Cancer]
@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 ===== Abstract =====
+Cancers differ in the causes that lead to the altered cellular replication machinery.  Cancer can arise from mutations in proliferation-related genes, including mutated proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)).  Cancer can also arise from epigenetic rearrangement of DNA strands in the chromosomes, and from mitochondrial mtDNA mutations.  There are viruses that cause cancer ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)).  Cancer stem cells form tumors of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. ((Cancer stem cells (CSCs): metabolic strategies for their identification and eradication https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170164))
+Just as the cause of a cancer can be unique, the optimal treatment for each cancer can be unique.  This article reviews research for optimal treatment in respect to the afflicted organ or anatomy, because that is how cancer has been researched in the past.  Additionally, while the molecular cause of every cancer can be independent of location, overall health is affected when one bodily system is not functioning at capacity.
+While mainstream treatments use chemo or radiotherapy, our focus is to find treatments that avoid harm and benefit normal cells, and exploit the weaknesses of cancer cells.
 Fasting is considered to be effective in protecting normal cell growth and also can induce selective apoptosis in cancer cells. Fasting improves cellular health and reduces lipid peroxidation by reducing oxidative stress. It also induces autophagy, removing muted or damaged proteins, thereby increasing oxidative stress tolerance. Various studies also report that chemotherapy in combination with fasting can help in the reduction of tumor based cells. Fasting also results in decrease of amino acids and low glucose level that enhance anti warburg effect that unable ATP generation that promote oxidative damage. ((The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783224)) Fasting-mimicking diets have also been applied to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic medicines.
 ===== Introduction =====
+==== Mutational Theory of Cancer ====
 Even in an optimal environment, cells are evolving mutations at a slow rate due to imperfections in the maintenance and replication of DNA.  Despite safeguards to maintain the original DNA sequence, including programmed self-destruction, multi-cellular organisms become a mosaic of evolved cells, with the cells most fit to survive enduring.
-Mutations are random in nature.  Most mutations are deleterious.  Some may not be fatal, but internal signaling within the cell will trigger self-destruction.  Cells are programmed with a fail-safe to suicide for the overall benefit of the organism, a process known as apoptosis.  However, some mutations do not trigger apoptosis.  Through mitosis, the mutated cells replenish dying cell neighbors with their own mutated copy.
+Mutations are random in nature.  Most mutations are deleterious.  While the cell could continue to survive with some mutation, certain mutations will provide internal signaling to trigger self-destruction.  Cells are programmed with a fail-safe to suicide for the overall benefit of the organism, a process known as apoptosis.  However, some mutations do not trigger apoptosis.  Through mitosis, the mutated cells replenish dying cell neighbors with their own mutated copy.
-These very few mutated cells may in some way be able to out-compete neighboring cells.  While these cells could have advantage over neighboring cells in terms of competitive survival, they may not necessarily the most effective towards the overall health of the organism.  This is an aspect of the aging process.  In the case of cancer, the mutated cell proliferation will likely cause an organism's death.
+These very few mutated cells may in some way be able to out-compete neighboring cells.  While these cells could have advantage over neighboring cells in terms of competitive survival, they may not necessarily be the most effective towards the overall health of the organism.  This is an aspect of the aging process.  In the case of cancer, the mutated cell proliferation will likely cause an organism's death.
-Cells have evolved a very intricate and careful internal balance, and once the balance is tipped, additional mutations are more likely to occur, accelerating the evolutionary process.  One of the mutations that may follow, can be the fail-safe that instructs the cell to suicide when internal sensors indicate instability.
+Mutated cells can happen in different stages of life, and results in [[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2016.12.002 |clonal mosaicism]], including where different regions of the body have differing genomes.
-Normally cells will only replicate under the right signaling.  If these cells further mutate to proliferate without the required signaling, then they are said to be cancerous.
+The imperfections in the machinery for DNA maintenance and DNA replication, could be more exact and fault tolerant.  However, a certain level of mutation is beneficial for the survival of a species in a changing environment.  Cancer and aging are products of the evolutionary process.
-Cancer cells may also separate from their original tissue, circulate in the bloodstream, and take up residence elsewhere.  The migration is termed metastasis.
+Cells have evolved a very intricate and careful internal balance, and once the balance is tipped, additional mutations are more likely to occur, accelerating the evolutionary process.
-Cancer cells have a higher rate of mutation than normal cells.  Once the stable balance of a normal cell has a flaw, further mutations more easily occur.  The evolutionary process is accelerated.
+One of the mutations that may follow, can be the fail-safe that instructs the cell to suicide when internal sensors indicate instability.
+Another mutation that may follow, is cell replication without the required signaling to do so.  For example, normal cells will not replicate when they are surrounded by neighbors.  A mutation may occur where replication / proliferation occurs despite contact inhibition.  These mutated cells are said to be cancerous.
-The imperfections in the machinery for DNA maintenance and DNA replication, could be more exact and fault tolerant.  However, a certain level of mutation is beneficial for the survival of a species in a changing environment.  Cancer and aging are products of the evolutionary process.
+Cancer cells may also separate from their original tissue, circulate in the bloodstream, and take up residence elsewhere.  The migration is termed metastasis.
-Cancers differ in the causes that lead to the altered cellular replication machinery.  Cancer can arise from mutations in proliferation-related genes, including mutated proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)).  Cancer can also arise from epigenetic rearrangement of DNA strands in the chromosomes, and from mitochondrial mtDNA mutations.  There are viruses that cause cancer ((https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/proto-oncogenes-to-oncogenes-to-cancer-883)).  Cancer stem cells form tumors of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. ((Cancer stem cells (CSCs): metabolic strategies for their identification and eradication https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170164))
+Because of accelerated evolution in cancer cells, cancer is not a single disease, and treatment or finding a cure is more challenging.  However, because cancer cells have an insatiable appetite, required for proliferation, finding weaknesses in their energy metabolism may be a key to treatment.  ((Balaraman Kalyanaraman. 2017. Teaching the basics of cancer metabolism: Developing antitumor strategies by exploiting the differences between normal and cancer cell metabolism. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.redox.2017.04.018))
-Just as the cause of a cancer can be unique, the optimal treatment for each cancer can be unique.  This article reviews research for optimal treatment in respect to the afflicted organ or anatomy, because that is how cancer has been researched in the past.  Additionally, while the molecular cause of every cancer can be independent of location, overall health is affected when one bodily system is not functioning at capacity.
-While mainstream treatments use chemo or radiotherapy, our focus is to find treatments that avoid harm and benefit normal cells, and exploit the weaknesses of cancer cells.
 ==== Warburg Effect ====
@@ Line 345: / Line 350: @@
 In head and neck cancer, it’s been hypothesized that carbohydrate restriction and ketosis can be supportive treatments by protecting normal tissue while sensitizing tumor tissue to radiation and chemotherapy while simultaneously supporting body and muscle mass maintenance.32 There is currently an active clinical trial looking at a low carbohydrate diet in head and neck cancer patients.
-=== Prevention ===
-Of all the food items explored in a 1991 Italian study, such as, milk, meat, cheese, carrots, green vegetables and fruit, fruit had the strongest statistical indication for being a preventative.  The top third of subjects reporting the highest fruit consumption had a risk ratio of 0.3, or less than one third as likely to have oral and pharyngeal cancer as the population. ((Carlo La Vecchia et al. 1991.  Dietary Indicators of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/20.1.39))  <- Notice I'm using CSE-ish format!
-Another study took blood samples from 25,802 subjects in 1974, and stored them in the freezer until 1991.  Of the 25,802 subjects, 28 cases had been diagnosed with oral and pharyngeal cancer.  The blood of the 28 cases was compared with controls from similar subjects, and was found to be lacking in micronutrients, particularly carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol.While interestingly it was also indicated that high level y-tocopherol can change whole scenario and reverse the situation. Selenium which is cancer protective but their high level can be cancer causing((Birt et al., 1986.update on the effects of vitamins A, C, and E and selenium on carcinogenesis..https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3540970 )). while considering all micro nutrient  protective effect of b-carotenoids was more consistent and significant. It was was found that diet containing higher concentration of b-carotenoids is more preferable to use to avoid oral cancer risk.
-As had been concluded in previous studies, smoking reduces blood micronutrients specially a-tocopherols and b-carotenoids and increases the risk of oral cancer. ((Zheng et al. 1993. Serum Micronutrients and the Subsequent Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8428360))
 ==== Endometrial Cancer ====

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